Most of the time they are absorbed and passed onto the consumer especially in large multinationals.
Apple for instance can quite easially look at thier yearly global sales, raise prices by the few dollars to pay this bill and then probably raise them by more than bill and make greater profits than before.
Either way it effect's the fat cats less and is passed off in some way to little guys. Take my work for example next year we plan to spend X% of profit on R&D, R&D mainly has costs in labour. You slap a large bill on a company they'll probably cut their R&D money and in turn jobs before effecting their bottom line profit to the board.
Not sure I agree. It depends totally on the market. I'll give a few examples.
Childcare services like nurseries have such large operating costs that it is difficult to break even let alone make a profit. Without profits to absorb the new cost into, there is no way of avoiding transferring the cost to the parent. This is an industry-wide issue: nurseries don't particularly need to worry about other nurseries absorbing the cost and cutting in with a cut-rate deal for parents, winning away custom. And even if there were a small number of particularly well-run nurseries that would be able to absorb the cost, it's not like they have an effect in other parts of the country. A well-run nursery who can absorb an operating cost increase into their profits in Stevenage is unlikely to be a threat to another in Newport.
Then consider transport. A train operator may be rolling in the cash by operating a particularly good line, with profits that can easily absorb a tax hike. But because they have no competition on that line because of the contracting system we use, there is less of a need to worry about how a tax hike may affect your custom. If people rely on your train to get to work, and you're still operating a service much cheaper than a car, you're not likely to lose them as a customer, despite grumbles about the price.
But then consider material goods such as an mp3 player. Retailer A and B originally sell them at £100 before the tax hike for a £40 profit per unit. Retailer A decides to pass the 10% hike onto the customer, increasing it to £110, retaining a £40 profit. Retailer B absorbs the cost into their profit, so they sell for £100 still, but only make a £30 profit... Retailer B is now selling the mp3 player for £10 cheaper, and so is likely to win would-be customers from Retailer A. It is not for any altruistic reason that Retailer B absorbed the cost: it is just that sometimes it is the sensible thing to do as a retailer.
This is why tax avoidance, and Irish-type schemes where they give tax deals to multinationals, is such a problem, aside from the obvious loss of revenue for the government. Self-employed and small retailers cannot compete with the prices offered by multinationals, because their margins are hit by a tax that multinationals aren't paying. Small companies cannot as easily absorb the new cost and stay profitable.
As j'nuh says tax havens exist and will continue to exist. Companies and people will forever exploit these unless there is large multinational support to combat it. That will never happen.
We have to come up with clever policy to stop it. For me, we need multilateral solutions to tackle issues caused by multinationals. Good tax policies in one country means nothing if a multinational can exploit the poor practices of another. For me, what is more likely to stop such an idea is not the multinationals, but people being worried about handing national tax powers over to a centralised body, which I can appreciate. I think a convention, with an agreed threat of economic sanctions against poorly-acting countries and multinationals, might help to alleviate these worries; rather than a central body, it would be a group of countries acting collectively on a common problem. How effective it will be is hard to know, though.