No, it is possibe, it just gets harder the faster you run forwards. If you are stationary, or running directly across the field not making any forward progress, there is no forward momentum to cancel. However a player sprinting straight down the field at, say, a 13 second 100m pace, is travelling forwards at about 7½ metres per second, so in order to throw a pass that does not travel forwards, he has to throw the ball backwards at 7½ metres per second, and that is directly behind him, As soon as you start adding angle to the pass, he has to throw it even faster.
No.
No, but you're probably the only one who is getting the theory right, and then coming to the wrong conclusion
No, and this is where you are making the mistake. It doesn't matter where the receiver is; there doesn't even have to be a recever. The ONLY thing that matters is the direction the player throws the ball. Remember the Law talks about a forward throw not a forward pass... a throw needs no receiver.
TIP: Forget about
1. where the ball was thrown from
2. what the ball did in the air
3. where the ball was caught or landed
NONE of the three things above have any relevance to judging a forward throw. The ONLY thing that matters is the direction that the player throws the ball relative to his own frame of reference.